Because RO4350B is processed using a standard epoxy resin/glass (FR-4) process, it also has a low line processing cost. 2E-4 @100 MHz. thus far, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has shown the lowest relative dielectric constant and the lowest dielectric loss tangent. Step 3: Select the correct membrane area to. Permeability is typically represented by the (italicized) Greek letter μ. The formula to calculate the dissipation factor of an insulator is as follows: Where: DF is the dissipation factor or loss tangent; δ is the phase angle between the voltage and current waveforms in the insulator; I R is the resistive current; I C is the. The permittivity and loss tangent are measured using a narrow sweep of frequency around the target or desired frequency. This paper presents a fast and easy to use method to determine permittivity and loss tangent in the frequency range of 75 to 325 GHz. 003 at 10GHz. Solid PTFE has a dielectric constant of 2. The result is a low loss material which can be fabricated using standard epoxy/glass (FR-4) processes offered at competitive prices. Temperature stable low loss PTFE/rutile composites using secondary polymer. View attachment 75187 Ideal may be quartz over alumina or ceramic substrate in non PTFE materials which are predicted to triple in next few years, but you did not specify budget constraints. Losses are of two. 2. RT/duroid 6002 laminates are low loss materials that provide excellent high frequency performance. 4. 2021, 11, 6813 7 of 9. Loss tangent presuming only ohmic (conduction) loss is given by Equation 3. 07 and 0. It is a measure of the amount of energy loss from the material due to an external electric field. 1 and extremely low loss. field and is highly frequency dependent. 3. For example, loss tangent of HRFZ-Si with resistivity 10 kOhm*cm at 1 THz is 1. The changing of dielectric constant (εr) and loss tangent (tanδ) were similar to that of the moisture absorption in a manner. Effect of membrane wetting on the performance of PVDF and PTFE membranes in the concentration of pomegranate juice through osmotic distillation. Dielectric ceramics and substrates are electrical insulators with dielectric strength, dielectric constant and loss tangent values tailored for specific device or circuit applications. 195" RG 400 Loss (Attenuation) & Power. Some key advantages of PTFE include: Low dielectric constant and loss tangent: PTFE offers a low dielectric constant and low loss tangent, which results in minimal signal loss and distortion at high frequencies. 009: BETTER Dielectric Constant 3. SFR reduces transmission loss by about 20% at 60 GHz, compared with LCP and PTFE. 011 and above: Laminate Impact Strength: Very Good: Very Good: Moderate: Temperature Performance: High Tg 275°- 450°+F (135°-204°C) Moderate - High Tg 250°- 400°F (121°-204°C) Moderate - High The low dielectric constant and low loss tangent make SiO 2 a very low-loss material for microwaves. 0014-. 5% transmittance at these Fabry-Pérot resonance frequencies [34], due to. Low-loss, high frequency advanced materials with well-controlled dielectric properties to enable microwave and RF applications, including mobile networks. Note that relative permittivity is the ratio of epsilon prime to epsilon zero: Rogers CuClad laminates are woven fiberglass reinforced PTFE based composites for use as PCB substrates and radomes in high frequency applications. Loss tangent (tan (δ)) is a measure of signal loss as the signal propagates down the transmission line. Temperature Operating Range -55 to +200 deg C. PTFE was used for its low loss tangent, tan δ = 6. In this paper, a hemispherical open resonator is used to measure the quality factor and resonant frequency of various materials in the millimeter wave band. 0035 at 100 Hz. Low loss, low density dielectrics typically range in dielectric constant from 1. The loss tangent tan d is called tan delta, tangent loss or dissipation factor. PTFE or Polytetrafluoroethylene is a versatile and high-performance fluoropolymer made up of fluorine and carbon atoms and is highly used as a non-stick coating in kitchen. You can expect significant performance variations from one assembly to the next. (PI), cyanate ester resin (CE), polytetrafluoroethylene resin (PTFE), bismaleimide triazine resin (BT), thermosetting polyphenylene ether resin (PPE) or PPO are all commonly used. 60, tanδ = 0. Environmental Specifications. An analysis using the theory of two-component composites is used to extract the real. 9, dielectric loss of 0. 1. 04; Low thermal coefficient of Dk at 12 ppm/°C; Dissipation factor of. Most microwave materials have dielectric constant between 2. 55 Nd 0. "FR" stands for "flame retardant", and does not denote that the material complies with the standard UL94V-0 unless testing is performed. Materials with a low loss tangent and low relative permittivity are essential for the next. For the fused silica and Sapphire wafers, the loss tangent increases slightly as a function of. The average insertion loss for CPW lines at 40GHz. This is ideal for applications including automotive radar (77 GHz), advanced driver. 6 Hz. Example: what is the skin depth and loss tangent in bottom round steak at microwave oven frequencies (2. 100 ±0. Phys. Appl. 44 × 10 −3, respectively, by the improved free-space. Typically, low loss becomes a challenge above 10GHz, creating the need for new materials. 2. 2 Properties under long-term stress 36 3. Jul 2011;. 0 in the z-axis at 10 GHz tightly. Loss Tangent: A. CuClad laminates feature low dielectric constants (Dk) ranging from 2. The use of composite engineering to tailor structural composite materials for damping results in enhancement of the loss tangent, with negligible, if any, reduction of the storage modulus. Tapes, sheets and finished products can be supplied etched. 0015 0. It is observed that G ′ and G ″ increased at different PTFE concentrations as ω increasing from 0. Rogers RO3000 high frequency circuit materials are ceramic-filled PTFE composites intended for use in commercial microwave and RF applications. 1 FILTRATION Selecting the Best Filter for Your Application Choosing a filter does not have to be complicated – Corning has simplified the process. 3,4) PTFE is therefore. Comparing Equation 3. 1, low dielectric loss tangent∼10 −4) and excellent thermal stability [19]. 2 and low dielectric losses:. 8 and have a loss tangent of 0. 0 mm. Variation in loss tangent of rFe 2 O 3 –PTFE nanocomposites. 4 to 3. PRODUCT FEATURESRT/duroid 5870 laminates offer high frequency with low dielectric constant (Dk). Crash avoidance systems that rely upon radar require high-frequency printed circuit boards. PTFE-based laminates, spread glass laminates, or other specialized material systems are a good choice to support larger high speed digital boards, where routes are very long and low. 41Speciality grades Higher stiffness grades (separate data sheets available) Grade Process Characteristics Typical applications DELRIN® 510GR Injection DELRIN® 510GR is a 10% glass fibre reinforced, Parts requiring very high strength and stiffness. 0000 0. Thisdoesnotimply orconstitute anyendorsementby the National Instituteof Standards andThe role of Nafion in the operation of PEMFC. , the central and the outer conductor, were modeled as perfect electric conductor (PEC). 0031 — Bereskin Stripline Volume Resistivity: C-96/35/90 1. Dielectric loss is due to lag of polarization with a. 2. 009: BETTER Dielectric Constant 3. The loss tangent of Borofloat 33 glass increases from 0. Moreover, the PTFE/T-GF exhibited improved dielectric constant (2. 0009 3 Fused. Loss tangent can be calculated using the following formula: tanδ=1/(ω*ε v *ε 0 *R), where ω - circular frequency, εv - dielectric constant of vacuum (8. 2. Measured tanδ for partially cross-linked SU-8 was 0. 4 %PTFE also has a very low loss tangent with a typical value of tan δ = 4 × 10 −4 , which decreases by a factor of 2-3 from 300 K down to 4 K [51, 52]. constant of 2. 0005 0. Using eqn 3, plugging in the speed of light. 3E-4 @100 MHz. Generally, when selecting a dielectric material during the design process, two parameters are considered. It is possible to create low-cost RF circuit cards on FR-4, but the losses will always be much higher than on PTFE-based boards from reputable suppliers. This paper presents a method for reducing dielectric loss (tan δ) by forming PDMS composites loaded with various concentrations of either alumina (Al 2 O 3) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). At 80% relative air humidity, chemically modified jute fabrics have 38–179% and 1. 2. 5Hello everybody, I have the refractive index values of a new material over wavelength. In order to go high temperature. Int. with PTFE glass materials. 06 in [1. 003 - 1015 1016. 3E-4 @3. If particle size is kept small compared to a wavelength, and the ratio of materials is well maintained from batch to batch, the mixture will be well behaved. 1 and extremely low loss tangent tan δ ∼ 0. The dielectric loss of the molded resin after heat treatment is only 0. Dielectric constant: Although this is sometimes misunderstood, and everyone tends to just go for low-Dk laminates, but high-Dk. 1 X-ray diffraction (XRD). The increased thermal conductivity provides higher power handling, reduces hot-spots and improves. 1 rad/s to 100 rad/s in Fig. 6 Tribology/Slip and. The randomly oriented microfibers in the PTFE composites result in exceptional Dk uniformity. 7 k’ =dielectricconstantofsample C o =cellvacuumcapacitance=C 1/k a k Dissipation factor indicates the inefficiency of material to hold energy or behave as an insulating material. PTFE is known as non-absorbent (k close to 0), its relative permittivity n=2. 006) as well as excellent mechanical properties. A work was reported on the moisture absorbance of PTFE/Micron-rutile and PTFE/Nano-rutile composites. 6 Thermal stability of AlN/PTFE composites. A surface roughness is very low for PTFE substrate and there is low reliability inRogers RT/duroid 5880 high frequency laminates are PTFE composites reinforced with glass microfibers. The loss tangent for ptfe is about 0. 7. Figure [Math Processing Error] 3. 00 10 3 at 10 kHz. 3) tan δ = ε ″ ε ″ The dielectric constant ( ε ′) represents a measure of the ability of a material to be polarized by an external electric field. For the same outer diameter, cables using PTFE (Teflon™) exhibit a lower loss of signal than those using solid PTFE. tetrafluroethylene (PTFE) is selected as the polymer matrix owing to its extremely low loss tangent, higher solvent re-sistance, low moisture absorption, etc. Low-loss, high frequency advanced materials with well-controlled dielectric properties to enable microwave and RF applications, including mobile networks. 2-2. RO3003 laminates offer excellent stability of dielectric constant (Dk) over various temperatures and frequencies. The fiberglass reinforced TLY-3FF has been engineered to provide the dimensional stability typical of the standard fiberglass reinforced TLY Series yet offers the mechanical flexibility of chopped fiber reinforced laminates. . The dielectric loss increases with increasing values of Df. Loss Tangent (Df) ASTM D2520: 10 GHz: 0. At frequencies less than 1kHz the loss tangent of wood above the FSP may decrease sharply as the temperature is reduced below freezing. 1, we see loss tangent can equivalently be calculated as. 5–26. laminates are woven fiberglass/PTFE composite materials for use as printed circuit board substrates. 058 at 100 GHz and 2 THz, respectively. The low loss tangent is a consequence of the symmetrical conformation of the polymer backbone, which effectively neutralizes the dipole forces of the C–F bonds yielding a net zero dipole moment. Toray's electrically pure, low-loss materials and syntactics ensure maximum radome efficiency. 0021: Moisture Absorption: Resin Content: 0. Loss tangent of the BaWO 4 filled PTFE composite is shown in Fig. 5. Good Dielectric (low-loss dielectric) = j Loss Tangent Loss Tangent E E Loss Tangent is often used to determine how lossy a medium is at a particular frequency. This can be further understood by referring below to the dis-cussions on moisture absorption and anisotropy. 5. 39 mm . 4 Properties under cyclic stress 43 3. 2 dB with a thickness of 2. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the dissipation factor vs. 5 Repeat 5. In loss tangent AFM, the AFM cantilever. The dissipation factor or loss tangent, tanδ,is given by ε’’/ε’, where ε’ and ε’’ are the real and imaginary parts of the permittivity (see Permittivity). The smaller the dielectric loss factor of the substrate is, the smaller the attenuation of signal propagation will be. 01 to 0. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 9 . Permeability (electromagnetism) In electromagnetism, permeability is the measure of magnetization produced in a material in response to an applied magnetic field. RF & Microwave Design Guide 8 Chapters - 44 Pages - 60 Minute Read . 0% BN/PTFE composits in ablation process is 21. Qian, Z. 8 × 10 −4, at 15 K. 002. 0210 IPC-4101 /98 /99 /101 /126 UL - File E41625 Grade PCL-FR-370HR 370HR is the industry's “best in class” lead-free compatible product for high-reliability applications across a wide range of markets. Total RF Transmission Line Loss. Values presented here are relative dielectric constants. ECCOSTOCK FFP is a powder curing into a rigid foam, perfect to fill cavities. In addition, the PTFE/F-GF composite shows improved density (2. The main attributes of MEGTRON 6/6G are: low dielectric constant and dielectric dissipation factors, low transmission loss and high heat resistance; Td = 410°C (770°F). 1: Permittivity of Some Common Materials is shared under a CC BY-SA 4. 6 THz before decreasing to 0. Phone (714) 825-0404 ext. 35 40 0. Step 2: Select the membrane and housing material for your application. The dielectric loss tangent tends to increase near 1 MHz, which is related to the dielectric relaxation process of PTFE matrix. Helping to maintain the Dk uniformity are the randomly oriented microfibers reinforcing the. PTFE has a relative permittivity of 2. Toray's full suite of lightweight syntactic foams is compatible with our low dielectric, pure radome prepregs, offering a weight-saving tuned system solution. First Shield Silver Plated Copper Braid . 5. a. @ 2 GHz B. View Article. Combined with ultra-low dielectric constant and dielectric loss, FEP/PTFE nanocomposite foam has great potential to be applied in next generation communication devices. It is also called as electric permittivity or simply permittivity. 3 Properties under impact stress 40 3. Loss Tangent and Dielectric Relaxation Time - I ( ) c n k eff ω =ω ωε σ ε ε n ω j o eff = 1− The complex wavevector is: The complex refractive index is: Loss tangent Loss tangent = ωε σ But the dielectric relaxation time was: σ ε τd = ⇒ Loss tangent = ωτd 1 And: o d neff j ε ωτ ε ω 1 = 1− Loss tangent ECE 303 – Fall. The fused amorphous SiO 2 has a dielectric constant of approximately 3. The loss tangent values are what you’d expect compared to typical FR4 materials (about a factor 10 lower), and these materials have high decomposition temperatures compared to typical FR4 laminates. It can be clearly seen that the profile of -NRW in Fig. The CuClad 6250 bonding film is available in both 24” (610mm) roll form and sheeted format. RO3000 Series laminates are circuit materials with consistent mechanical properties, regardless. Features. 4" L=10. In the low loss tangent of PTFE is explained as a consequence of the symmetrical conformation of the polymer backbone, which neutralizes the dipole forces of the C–F bonds yielding a net zero dipole moment. 14) The term tan d is called loss tangent (dissipation factor or loss factor) and it representsThe fluoropolymer in Pyralux® TK is chemically similar to the PTFE fluoropolymer utilized in rigid high speed laminates and standard procedures to drill and activate such boards should be applicable. maximum achievable distance by radar sensor. The laminates exhibited ultralow dielectric constant (ε of 3. 05 (CW) to 2. Materials like PTFE, PE and PS were used to validate the measurement. 5%) 0. 3. 2–12. 1 rad/s to 100 rad/s in Fig. 20%), with the actual measured value ranging from 2. They exhibit excellent chemical resistance, including solventLow dielectric loss is important for a good capacitors and insulation. 0031 making it a cost effective alternative to PTFE and other commercial microwave and high-speed digital laminate materials. Figure 7d shows the loss tangent (tan. a. Moreover, the PTFE/T-GF exhibited improved dielectric constant (2. 3 to 10. Rogers materials have high parameters (loss tangent, dielectric constant, etc. 7 and a loss tangent of. 5 ¥ 10-3 at 60 GHz which exhibits significant impact on total loss in mm-Wave device but the processing for PTFE is also known to be difficult. • FR-4 Loss Tangent = 0. Test Method: IPC-TM-650 2. As illustrated in Fig. The loss tangent is defined by the angle between the capacitor's impedance vector and the negative reactive axis. And the spherical particles are advantageous to increase the ceramic volume fraction [2]. 2. SrTiO 3 /PB composite exhibits a high dielectric constant of 21. 05 and loss tangent of 0. An intermediate layer is often. For the simultaneous analysis of both thermal conductivity and dielectric properties according to the PTFE content, the in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivity, permittivity, and. 5 and above Loss Tangent 0. The structure, morphology, dielectric and thermal properties of the composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, coefficient of thermal expansion, and Network Analyzer. 18 and 0. 1 0. Among these, PTFE is the most preferred matrix for microwave applications because of its low loss tangent, stable dielectric constant, good chemical resistance and high operating temperature. RO3003™ laminates consist of PTFE with ceramic filler. Glass transition temperature. Silicon dioxide-filled semi-rigid coax cables can withstand temperatures that would cause PTFE-filled cables to catch on fire! S No Material Dielectric constant Loss Tangent 1 Unreinforced PTFE, Cuflon 2. An optimal pore size range enhanced the dielectric properties, beyond which a lower loss tangent was exhibited. In the case of cement–matrix composites, both loss tangent and storage modulus are greatly enhanced by the addition of silica fume. had the lowest loss tangent compared to the other three textiles that were used for antenna fabrication. The dissipation factor remained constant, being about 2 × 10 −5. 0023 22. Dielectrics with low loss provide reduced attenuation and heating in circuits. 08E ⁻⁴ ), higher bending strength (21. The first column on the left sums-up the basic data of virgin PTFE G400, in order to compare with the values of the. The PTFE cover (in isolation) exhibits almost perfect destructive interference troughs in reflectance, giving more than 99. Published in: 2006 International Conference on Microwaves, Radar & Wireless CommunicationsFigure 6. And XPS, FITR, and TGA results indicate that the coupling agent has been grafted on the GF surface successfully, as shown in Fig. 6 to 4. But it also has certain disadvantages like high coefficient of thermal expansion (∼109 ppm/°C) and inferior dimensional stability [4] , [5] . To achieve polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based composites for high-frequency applications with low dielectric constant, low dielectric loss tangent and low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), a novel pentafluorostyrene (PFS) interface modifier was used to achieve excellent performance for SiO 2 /PTFE composite materials. There is also an add-on Material Library product, which contains up to 24 separate material properties and 10,328 materials with more than 84,000. 011: GOOD Dielectric Constant 4. All samples were compressed into 20 mm × 5 mm × 1 mm rectangular shape. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer is an example of a linear fluoropolymer. 0017 — Bereskin Stripline Volume Resistivity C-96/35/90 1. 003 or less at ~10 GHz or higher; Fiber weave effects, although these laminates may have the same loss tangent as typical FR4 materials;. Silicon dioxide-filled semi-rigid coax cables can withstand temperatures that would cause PTFE-filled cables to catch on fire! Fused silica and fused quartz are forms of silicon dioxide. Chen, K. PTFE loss tangent AFM study: (a). • Pores in composites and agglomeration of. Chopped E-glass fiber is incorporated in the PTFE matrix to control. PTFE loss tangent AFM study: (a). Thickness of . Known for their naturally slippery surface, these PTFE tubes are often made into bearings, rollers, and. 6 (a). Rogers RO3000 high frequency circuit materials are ceramic-filled PTFE composites intended for use in commercial microwave and RF applications. 3. For example, teflon (a. 2. The effect of surface treatment on the morphology, thermal conductivity and dielectric properties of PTFE-based composites is investigated. 003 at 10GHz. 4 times higher dielectric loss tangent and effective relative dielectric permeability compared to unmodified. 0009 to 0. The loss tangent is given by:. 0005 0. Surface resistivity. The ratio of dissipation to stored energy is defined as tanδ. material. Teflon is the brand name that Dupont Corporation uses for its PTFE materials, and it is so well-known that people use Teflon PCB to refer to PTFE substrate PCBs used for. and it influences cost of devices. Where relevant, this includes physical properties, thermal properties, B-H curves, core loss data, frequency dependent permittivity and frequency-dependent loss tangent – enabling more exact analysis for key classes of electromagnetic simulation. For example, the dielectric constant and loss tangent of 30 vol% hybrid fillers/PTFE composites are 3. 1. 128 at 2. 01 Tg value: Low (~130 °C) and high (~180 °C) options available Thickness values: As low as 2 mil Copper options: Typically. Loss tangent: '' tan C ' es d e we == (6. PTFE Teflon® Type A L=4. 6 to 1. 5 Surface properties 44 3. When the porosity increased from 50. Where data were available, the loss tangent for PTFE (Teflon) reported were all close to zero (at least as small as about 10 −3), same as those we obtained here. However, the main disadvantage of PTFE is the negative temperature coefficient of dielectric constant (τ ε ∼-400 ppm/°C) making it difficult to be used in microwave circuit devices. /in. PTFE loss tangent AFM study: (a). 1Thermally conductive low loss laminate. It can be seen that PTFE–Mg 2 SiO 4 nanocomposites shows higher loss tangent as compared to corresponding microcomposites. Industry Leading, Standard Loss, Thermally Robust Epoxy Laminate and Prepreg Tg 180°C Td 340°C Dk 4. The high was the main cause of the lower values of , which explains the unexpectedly. constantsincludeTeflon^(polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)),cross-linkedpolystyrene "Specificmaterialsthatare commonly used are mentioned for informational purposes only. 05, indicating that there is a potential application of Si 3 N 4 filled PTFE/GF composites in the field of. 1. 0) eff. 045 (2. Discover the world's research 25. The 30 vol% BN-PDA-KH560/NBR composite not only exhibited relatively high dielectric constant (9 at 100 Hz) but also remained low dielectric loss tangent (0. Its structure in simplistic form is shown in Fig. 009 to 0. PTFE melts at 327°C and retains its useful. 001 to 0. 0010 to 2. PTFE has a lower dielectric constant (Dk) and loss tangent (Df) than commonly used low-loss thermoset materials. Because the large-scale relaxations of the PBT melting were. View PDF View article View in Scopus Google. 45 together with a loss tangent of 0. It doesn't mean that you don't have this property in any other types of circuit. The conductivity of PTFE/CNT (5 wt%) nanofiber membranes reached 1. In capacitor applications, ceramics with a high dielectric constant are used to increase the charge that can be stored. The radome material choice, such as fiberglass, PTFE-coated fabric, and polycarbonate, is generally dependent on the targeted application environmental use. 1. 0% AlN/PTFE composites. Loss tangent, storage modulus and loss modulus of various polymers. 5" 0. It can be seen that the PTFE/recycled BRS composite shows a lower dielectric constant, loss tangent, moisture absorption and CTE than the. 02 in this frequency range. order to design a product with the advantages of low loss tangent and suitability for sequential lamination. 2. Polyetheretherketone is ahigh performance thermoplastic that is strong, stiff, hard and has high temperature resistance. 4 1 Introduction 6 2 Grades, supply form, color range, quality assurance 8 3 Physical properties 34 3. ( CC BY-SA 4. The dielectric loss is reported in terms of the loss angle (δ), which has units of milliradians. Another blended polymer prepared from PEEK and PTFE (PEEK/PTFE-5) possessed a dielectric constant of 3. RO3010 laminates are competitively priced products with exceptional mechanical and electrical stability. To obtain the permittiv-ity and the loss tangent of the test. 45 MPa) and bending modulus (522 MPa), better thermal. 9. RO3010™ Laminates. RF-35TC offers a "best in class" low dissipation factor with high thermal conductivity. 0011, respectively, while it. High-performance fiber paper for wave-transparent applications is extensively applied in electromagnetic windows and radar radomes in the aerospace, transportation, and 5G communication sectors because of its excellent mechanical properties, low dielectric constant ε and dielectric loss tangent tanδ, and. The low loss tangent is a consequence of the symmetrical conformation of the polymer backbone, which effectively neutralizes the dipole forces of the C–F bonds yielding a net zero dipole. 1 Tansmission r Loss A section of the PTFE SCPDW is modeled in HFSS 2021 R1 and the dielectric con-stant ˜ r and the loss tangent tan˜ are set to be 2. Resonac considers the difference between SFR and LCP as the difference in dielectric loss based on Dk and Df. 1: Z-Axis CTE: 50 to 260°C, (Total Expansion) 2. Loss tangent approximation is good only over 1 frequency decade Attempt to approximate benchmark wideband Debye (WD) model with 2-pole Debye model (points specified at 1 GHz and 10 GHz) Effective dielectric constant and effective loss tangent correspond to actual dielectric DK and LTLoss Tangent . 05 0. Dielectric loss tangent or dissipation factor. 07 and 0. Low values of Df result in a “fast” substrate while large values result in a “slow” substrate. The dissipation factor is the tangent of the loss angle of the insulating material. The density, dielectric constant, loss tangent, moisture absorption and ultimate tensile strength of the composite systems under study are complied in Table 1. Thus, attenuation is larger at higher frequencies, but the stretching induced in digital pulses is less severe. The loss tangent is slightly high at a higher volume concentration of CB; also, the same effect is observed at a higher frequency range. 17. 1. Lower Z-Direction CTE than traditional PTFE woven-glass laminates.